| Parameter | Summer | Winter |
|---|---|---|
| External Design Temp (°C) | 28-30 (DB) | -3 to -5 (DB) |
| Daily Range (K) | 8-12 | N/A |
| Solar Radiation (W/m²) | 500-800 peak | 100-200 peak |
| Space Type | Winter (°C) | Summer (°C) | RH Range (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Offices | 21 | 24 | 40-60 |
| Retail | 19 | 23 | 40-60 |
| Hospitals | 22 | 24 | 50-60 |
| Element | Max U-Value (W/m²K) |
|---|---|
| Walls | 0.28 |
| Roofs | 0.18 |
| Floors | 0.22 |
| Windows | 1.6 |
| Space | Air Changes (ACH) | L/s per person |
|---|---|---|
| Offices | 4-6 | 8-10 |
| Classrooms | 3-5 | 8-12 |
| Toilets | 6-10 | N/A |
| Source | W/m² |
|---|---|
| Occupants (sedentary) | 60-70 |
| Lighting (general office) | 10-15 |
| Equipment (PC workstation) | 45-55 |
| Small Power (office) | 15-25 |
| Pipe Size (mm) | Max Flow (l/s) | Velocity (m/s) |
|---|---|---|
| 15 | 0.25 | 1.0 |
| 22 | 0.50 | 1.2 |
| 28 | 1.00 | 1.5 |
| Duct Type | Velocity (m/s) | Pressure Drop (Pa/m) |
|---|---|---|
| Main ducts | 5-7 | 0.8-1.5 |
| Branch ducts | 3-5 | 0.5-1.0 |
| Terminal connections | 2-3 | 0.3-0.6 |